Pyometra in dogs is a serious, potentially life-threatening illness affecting female dogs. The name “pyometra” is derived from the Greek words “pyo,” meaning pus, and “metra,” meaning uterus, describing an infection of the uterus characterized by pus accumulation. This condition can affect any sexually mature female dog but is most frequently observed in older, unspayed females, generally those over five years old. Without treatment, pyometra can lead to severe complications such as septicaemia, kidney failure, and potentially death.
Here’s an overview of the symptoms, causes, and treatment options for pyometra in dogs.
What are the Symptoms of Pyometra in Dogs?
Pyometra in dogs is classified into two primary types:
Open Pyometra: In this type, the cervix remains open, allowing pus to exit through the vaginal canal. The discharge is often foul-smelling and can be bloody or pus-like, making symptoms more noticeable and easier to identify.
Closed Pyometra: In this form, the cervix is closed, trapping the infection inside the uterus. This type is particularly dangerous because the trapped pus can cause the uterus to expand and potentially rupture. The absence of external discharge can delay diagnosis and treatment, making this form more life-threatening.
The symptoms of pyometra vary depending on the type:
Symptoms Open Pyometra in Dog:
- Vaginal discharge
- Frequent urination
- Increased thirst and water intake
- Lethargy
- Loss of appetite
Symptoms Closed Pyometra in Dogs:
- Swollen abdomen
- Vomiting
- Diarrhoea
- Fever
- Extreme lethargy
In severe cases, the bacteria’s toxins can lead to septicemia and endotoxemia, conditions that can be fatal if not treated promptly.
If you suspect your dog may have pyometra, it’s crucial to take her to the vet without delay. The veterinarian will start by reviewing your dog’s recent medical history and asking about any symptoms you’ve noticed. Next, a physical examination will be conducted, including palpating your dog’s abdomen to check for signs of an enlarged uterus.
To confirm the diagnosis, your vet will likely recommend a series of diagnostic tests. Blood tests can reveal elevated white blood cell counts, which suggest an infection. Imaging techniques such as X-rays or ultrasounds are particularly valuable for visualizing the uterus and identifying any abnormal fluid accumulation characteristic of pyometra. In some cases, a sample of the uterine discharge may be collected and analyzed to determine the specific bacteria causing the infection.
What are the Causes of Pyometra in Dogs?
Pyometra in dogs often arises due to hormonal changes in a female dog’s reproductive cycle. Following an estrus (heat) cycle, the body produces high levels of progesterone. This hormone causes the uterine lining to thicken in preparation for a possible pregnancy. If pregnancy does not occur, the thickened lining can create a breeding ground for bacterial growth. Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a common bacterium associated with pyometra, ascending from the vagina into the uterus. Studies indicate that E. coli is involved in approximately 57–100% of pyometra cases in dogs.
Several factors can increase a dog’s risk of developing pyometra:
- Age: Middle-aged to older, unspayed females are at greater risk.
- Breed: Certain breeds, including Cavalier King Charles Spaniels, Collies, Rottweilers, Golden Retrievers, and Bernese Mountain Dogs, are more predisposed.
- Hormonal Therapies: Dogs that have received progesterone-based medications for reproductive issues face a higher risk.
- Reproductive Status: Females that experience multiple heat cycles without mating are more susceptible to pyometra.
What is the Treatment for Pyometra in Dog?
Pyometra in dogs is a medical emergency requiring prompt and effective treatment to enhance your dog’s chances of a full recovery. Fortunately, several treatment options are available:
- Surgery: The primary and most effective treatment for pyometra is the surgical removal of the uterus and ovaries, known as ovariohysterectomy or spaying. This procedure is recommended for all cases of pyometra, especially closed pyometra, due to the high risk of uterine rupture and life-threatening infections. Surgery not only addresses the current infection but also prevents future occurrences.
- Antibiotics: While antibiotics are crucial for managing the bacterial infection, they are usually used alongside surgery rather than as a standalone treatment.
- Fluid Therapy: Intravenous (IV) fluids may be administered to address dehydration and support kidney function.
- Hormonal Therapy: In some cases, particularly for breeding dogs, prostaglandins may be used to help expel the uterine contents. However, this approach is less common due to potential complications and lower success rates.
Without appropriate treatment, pyometra can quickly become fatal. The condition can deteriorate rapidly, often within 48 to 72 hours. The longer the infection persists, the more toxins can enter your dog’s bloodstream, leading to septicemia and multi-organ failure. In severe cases, without immediate medical intervention, survival is unlikely. However, with prompt treatment, many dogs recover and lead long, healthy lives.
To prevent pyometra in dogs, it’s best to spay your dog before her first heat cycle. Spaying not only prevents this condition but also reduces the risk of other reproductive health issues, such as mammary tumours and ovarian cancer. Always monitor your dog’s health and consult your veterinarian immediately if you suspect any issues.
Frequently Asked Questions About Pyometra in Dogs
1. What is pyometra in dogs?
Pyometra is a serious, potentially life-threatening infection of the uterus in female dogs. It typically occurs due to hormonal changes after an oestrus cycle, leading to pus accumulation in the uterus. There are two types: open pyometra, where discharge is visible, and closed pyometra, where the cervix is closed and the infection is trapped inside.
2. What are the common symptoms of pyometra in dogs?
Common symptoms of pyometra include vaginal discharge (in open pyometra), frequent urination, increased thirst, lethargy, loss of appetite, swollen abdomen, vomiting, diarrhoea, and fever. Early detection is crucial for effective treatment.
3. How is pyometra in dogs diagnosed?
Veterinarians diagnose pyometra through a combination of medical history, physical examination, blood tests (to check for elevated white blood cells), and imaging techniques like X-rays or ultrasounds. Sometimes, a sample of uterine discharge is also examined.
4. What are the treatment options for pyometra in dogs?
The primary treatment for pyometra is surgical removal of the uterus and ovaries (ovariohysterectomy). Antibiotics and fluid therapy are used to manage infection and support recovery. Hormonal therapy is less common due to potential complications.
5. How can pyometra in dogs be prevented?
The best way to prevent pyometra is to spay your dog before her first heat cycle. Spaying eliminates the risk of pyometra and reduces the chance of other reproductive health issues, such as mammary tumours and ovarian cancer.
6. What is the cost of pyometra surgery for dogs?
Pyometra surgery generally costs between $500 and $2,000, depending on factors like location and clinic. This usually covers the surgery, anaesthesia, and initial post-op care.
